Pop Culture and Society Essay Sample free essay sample

Popular civilization. or popular civilization is by dictionary defined as â€Å"cultural activities or commercial merchandises reflecting. suited to. or aimed at the gustatory sensations of the general multitudes of people† . The term â€Å"popular culture† came into being in the nineteenth century or earlier. Traditionally. the term has meant the instruction and general cultural consciousness of the lower categories. as opposed to the â€Å"official culture† . The emphasis in the differentiation from â€Å"official culture† became more marked towards the terminal of the nineteenth century. a use that became established by the Interwar period. Since the terminal of World War II. following major cultural and societal alterations brought by mass media inventions. the significance of popular civilization started to worsen with those of mass. media. image. consumer civilization. and civilization for mass ingestion. A innovator in this motion were societal and cultural alterations in the United States of America. The brief signifier â€Å"pop† for popular. We will write a custom essay sample on Pop Culture and Society Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page as in dad music. day of the months from the late fiftiess. ( Betts 2004: 14-27 ) Sociologists consider civilization as the formation of traditions and tendencies that link worlds in a common group. Therefore. human civilization existed even in prehistoric societies ; nevertheless. those prehistoric societies’ tradition and humanistic disciplines are by and large considered as folk art and folkways. Popular civilization requires that the multitudes should be practising and devouring it. thereby doing it popular. ( Weaver 2009: 12 ) The Western world’s foremost normally recognized pop civilization creative person was likely William Shakespeare. His theatre dramas are dateless classics. but he wrote them for a mass audience. thanks to which he fulfilled dad culture’s demand of art. which is meant to be enjoyed by the multitudes. Shakespeare’s art bridged the spread between popular and all right art in the sixteenth century England – and it is still considered the finest literature of all time produced in English. Several of his dra mas were set in other European states than England. which exposed the common Englishman to traditions of different categories and civilizations. potentially act uponing those of England. ( Weaver 2009: 14-15 ) Furthermore. popular civilization did non necessitate telecasting. wireless or the Internet to go planetary. When the first adventurers took to the seas or traveled overland paths to distant topographic points. they were influenced by illustrations of other cultures’ popular art. and returned with points connected with local popular civilization. such as imbibing java. If that had non happened. a celebrated java store Starbucks would be stuck seeking to sell cups of hot milk. The multitudes were normally non straight experienced to alien signifiers of popular civilization from different locations. but they were exposed to them over clip. At the same clip perceptual experience of what is pop civilization and what is non depended of nationality. For case – while Kabuki Theater was accessible to all categories of Nipponese people. Europe’s aristocrats ab initio regarded it as high art. ( Weaver 2009: 17-19 ) What is more. clip and resources of people were really important factors in making what is called a dad civilization. Even though many 19th-century industrial labourer s worked long hours. they had clip to pleasure themselves with a spot of civilization. Thankss to start civilization they had manage to make life which had more sense than merely survival. They enjoyed amusement locales and engage in avocations. trades and diversion outside their work lives. The concentration of people in urban countries. attracted by occupations in the mills. besides gave rise to more and different sorts of popular art signifiers. such as carnivals. theatrical dramas. concerts which brought more possible audiences. ( Weaver 2009: 20 ) Furthermore. pop civilization meant many different things for each decennary. It could be tight rolled denims. tamagotchi. loose jerseies. disco. new waves boots. blame. difficult stone. the Rolling Stones. The Beatles. Brittany Spears. ‘NSYNC. or Who Wants to be a Millionaire. These are merely a few of the different social tendencies. telecasting shows and music esthesiss sing different dad civilization subjects that have changed over the old ages. Many of these tendencies tended to come and travel. yet all were c onsidered as a pop civilization. There were and still are. different vesture manners. music penchants and telecasting shows that people considered to be the pop civilization of their clip. A batch of the things that were popular in the past are now fads that have come and gone. and the things that are considered pop civilization today will likely make the same. ( Weaver 2009: 22-23 ) Technology besides created new sorts of humanistic disciplines and points and made them available to everyone. non merely the affluent elite. Obvious illustrations that changed society significantly plenty to change the class of history are wireless. telecasting. gesture images. amplified music. computing machines and the Internet. Technology late erected another important milestone in the pop civilization timeline—the development of tech-based societal networking. Other technological progresss resulted in such diverse things as silk-screen printing ( Express your sentiment on your Jersey! ) . bowling alleys’ automatic pinsetters. and Wii. ( Weaver 2009:24 ) In add-on to bring forthing societal norms. popular civilization besides helps us set up societal boundaries. The music we listen to. together with the telecasting we watch and the apparels we wear non merely helps to determine our characters. but besides helps us find those people more similar to ourselves. Because we can indicate what sort of music do we wish and which we do non. it allows us to happen others who prefer similar things that we do. ( Betts 2004: 30-32 ) People who listen to Iron Maiden likely do non hold much in common with those people who listen to Justin Bieber. Pop civilization gives us an chance to happen people really similar to us. Possibly the easiest facet of popular civilization to detect is the rites that it creates. Adolescents are connected through dance nines. college pupils come together to watch favorite Television series. amusing book fans wait in line hours to see a new film. All these rites produce a felling that we belong at that place. adhering us with members of society over a common involvement. The ace bowl for illustration is a multibillion dollar matter because of the fact that 1000000s of people from all demographics will sit down and watch the game for three hours. Traveling to a concert gives you a since of societal solidarity. singing along to a vocal in unison with fifteen-thousand other people creates near societal bonds. even if you barely know anyone else at the concert. They portion a sense of intending in their individuality ; this shared significance is the footing of group solidarity. ( Betts 2004: 34 ) Arguably the most of import map that popular civilization serves in our society is that it creates the chance to societal alteration. This can be seen all the manner back to 1906 when Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle helped take to a revolution of the nutrient industry in America. Nowadays we can obseve this clearly most late with the sudden engagement of famous persons in the 2008 presidential election. chiefly in Barack Obama’s run. Robert DeNiro. Oprah Winfrey. Usher. Chris Rock. Scarlett Johansson. Ron Howard. Magic Johnson. and John Mayer are merely a few of the most recognizable people. who are linked with Obama. It is no surprise that Obama won the 2008 presidential election in a landslide. Companies have long known the consequence that famous persons have on America and have used them to force merchandises. We are seeing this once more with the engagement of such famous persons as Lady Gaga in the Gay Rights motion. ( Betts 2004: 35-36 ) To sum up. it is clear that popular civilization serves many maps in society. many of which are shared by offense. These maps include bring forthing societal norms. set uping societal boundaries. making rites that generate societal solidarity. bring forthing invention. and paving the manner for societal alteration. We can non merely push dad civilization off to the side as low-brow civilization and has no significance. Mentions Weaver. John A. ( 2009 ) Popular Culture Primer: Revised Edition. Routledge Betts. Raymond F. ( 2004 ) A History of Popular Culture: More of Everything. Faster. and Brighter. Peter Lang

Habits and Traits of Luna Moth, Actias luna

Habits and Traits of Luna Moth, Actias luna Although its colorful and large, this is no butterfly! The luna moth (Actias luna) is a giant silkworm moth, and although common throughout most of its range, its still a thrill to find one. What Do Luna Moths Look Like? The name luna means moon, apparently a reference to the moon-like eyespots on its wings. Theyre sometimes called moon moths, or American moon moths. These night-flying moths are also most active when the moon is high in the sky, so the name is doubly apropos. Luna moths are strongly attracted to lights, so you may see them flying around your porchlight during their breeding season (spring to early summer in the northern part of its range). When the sun rises, they often come to rest nearby, so look for them around your home in the morning. Both male and female luna moths are pale green, with long, curving tails trailing from their hindwings and light eyespots on each wing. Early season broods in the south will be darker in color, with an outer margin marked in deep pink to brown. Later southern broods and all northern broods tend to be paler in color, with an almost yellow outer margin. Males can be differentiated from females by their prominent, feathery antennae. Luna moth caterpillars are lime green with magenta spots and sparse hairs, and a pale stripe running lengthwise just below the spiracles. They reach a length of 2.5 inches (65 mm) in their final instar. How Are Luna Moths Classified? Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – LepidopteraFamily - SaturniidaeGenus – ActiasSpecies - luna What Do Luna Moths Eat? Luna moth caterpillars feed on the foliage of a variety of host trees and shrubs, including walnut, hickory, sweetgum, persimmon, sumac, and white birch. Adult luna moths live only a few days, just long enough to find a mate and reproduce. Because they dont feed as adults, they lack a proboscis. The Luna Moth Life Cycle The luna moth undergoes complete metamorphosis with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. After mating, the female luna moth oviposits on leaves of the host plant. She may produce as many as 200 eggs in total. The eggs hatch in about one week. Luna moth caterpillars feed and molt through five instars in 3-4 weeks. Once its ready to pupate, the caterpillar constructs a simple cocoon of leaves. The pupal stage lasts about 3 weeks in warmer climates. The luna moth will overwinter in this stage in colder regions, usually hidden under the leaf litter near the host tree. The luna moth usually emerges from its cocoon in the morning, and is ready to fly by evening. As adults, luna moths live just one week or less. Interesting Behaviors of Luna Moths Luna moth caterpillars employ several defensive strategies to fend off predators. First, their coloration is cryptic, so they blend in with the foliage on the host tree and make it difficult for predators to see them. Should a bird or other predator approach, they will often rear up and attempt to scare the attacker away. When that doesnt work, the luna moth caterpillar may snap its mandibles to make a clicking sound, thought to be a warning of whats coming – vomit. Luna moth caterpillars will regurgitate a foul-tasting liquid to convince potential predators that they are not at all tasty. Adult luna moths find their mates using sex pheromones. The female produces the pheromone to invite males to mate with her. Males will travel considerable distances to locate a receptive female, and mating typically occurs in the hours just after midnight. Where Do Luna Moths Live? Luna moths are found in and near deciduous hardwood forests in eastern North America. Their range extends from Canada south to Texas and Florida. Sources:Â   Actias luna – Luna Moth, Bugguide.net. Accessed online July 21, 2014.Luna Moth, Butterflies and Moths of North America website. Accessed online July 21, 2014.Luna Moth, Actias luna, University of Florida Dept. of Entomology website. Accessed online July 21, 2014.Luna Moth, Clemson University Dept. of Entomology website. Accessed online July 21, 2014.Caterpillars of Eastern North America, by David L. Wagner.

Motivation For Students In Senior Level Education Essay

Motivation For Students In Senior Level Education - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that sometimes intrinsic motivation is innate in students and the level of intrinsic motivation differs from students to students and varies with the work. While extrinsic motivation emphasises on rewards and is contingent upon outside influences. Sometimes extrinsic motivation can diminish the internal drive to complete work as rewards can at times serve as discouraging rather than encouraging and that would undermine self-motivation and interest of learning new tasks and lessons. Since continuous dependence on external rewards, motivation towards academic and educational endeavours may become unstable. Hence, intrinsic motivation is vital for development and growth in students. Extrinsic motivation is also critical but without the internal desire of students, it would be difficult for the students to master the important lessons and thereby propel and excel in the academic sphere. Therefore, motivation in both forms act as a driving force i n all stages of education and especially for senior level education. To enhance motivation in students in the senior level of education, teachers play a pivotal role. This is a difficult task as understanding student psychology is arduous. It requires a lot of attention as all students is not motivated in the same way and thereby it becomes imperative to understand and cater to individual student needs. Most teachers lack the skills to guide students properly and thus fail to encourage students and bring out their true potential. Guidance of a teacher is very important to keep students motivated. However, it is very crucial to keep in mind that students should be allowed to take their decisions independently and have some choice and control over the issues related to academic. This will keep them involved and at the same time help in developing a strong sense of commitment within them.

Infant Car Seat Products Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Infant Car Seat Products - Essay Example The company uses great fabric such as cotton and lycra that washes and wears. Tchou Tchou offers functional infant car seats at affordable prices. The company offers infant car seats at great colours and styles for kids. For more than seventy years, Tchou Tchou has been committed to providing the highest levels of quality, service and safety in day-to-day business. Tchou Tchou has a history of excellent employee retention and employee loyalty. About ninety percent of the company's factory workers speak English as a second language. This free replacement campaign is meant to help meet customers' high expectations of Tchou Tchou's products. Kathy Dolan, Tchou Tchou CEO states that "the responsible handling of product defects is an integral part of our customer service." Tchou Tchou is actively seeking out wholesalers, supermarkets, specialist traders and retailers who received infant car seats with between 1st January 2008 and 31st April 2008. For this purpose, we have established a special service hotline and service email address. All issues concerning recall procedure can be clarified at +43 4524 500 1777, 7.00 am - 5.00 pm, CET and service.infantseat@tchou.com. Headquartered in Pittsburgh, PA, Tchou Tchou is America's leading brand in infant car seat. The company has extension offices in Canada, Mexico and Australia. In 2008, Tchou Tchou employed 6,000 American workers and paid US $ 20 million dollars in taxes. The company is an equal opportunity employer. Contact person for press enquiries: Terry Calloway Tchou Tchou PR Group 6112 Pittsburgh, PA Tel.: +43 (0) 4524 500 1777 terry.calloway@tchou.com Rationale of the Press ReleaseThere are several issues I had to consider while composing the press release. The first one is the integrity and goodwill of Tchou Tchou. I had to safeguard the integrity of the company by stressing that it is a good corporate citizen: it has provided many jobs and paid taxes. The second issue is I had to highlight that the company is known for employee retention and loyalty. This shows that it is a caring company. The third issue is the emphasis on consumer safety and protection over and above the company's profitability. The company presents a voluntary recall and product replacement program. The company assigns persons to attend to complaints and inquiries. The press release states that the company is more than seventy years in existence. The fourth issue is the importance of presenting a positive outlook on this company defect. I had to include the basic facts in the press release such as the pieces of glass that are included in the product that resu lted in this voluntary product recall. I excluded the data on an irate customer who called up to bring our attention on the defect. This was unimportant and it does not help in coming out a press release with a positive tone. I also excluded the data on pinpointing the exact store which sold the product which had pieces of glass on it. This was unimportant and it will just generate negative press for the retailers whom the company also needs to protect. The fifth issue was to present a helpful

The impacts of European colonial activity in the region of the Middle Essay

The impacts of European colonial activity in the region of the Middle East - Essay Example The Middle East is one of the centres for colonial activities of Europe during the start of the 19th century. This activity persisted until the 20th century. Most of the Middle East countries opposed the colonization with great struggle, resistance and revolt.The European empire is not very efficient with achieving their goal of successfully colonizing most of the countries in the Middle East but there are some countries which were eventually conquered. This inefficiency might be the result of conflicts within the European Empire. Countries like Britain, France and Germany fight each other in order to colonize another country. These countries include Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Sudan (Held 2000, p.73). The colonization of the Middle East by Europe is actually part of the second wave which started during the second half of the 19th century. This era is considered as the â€Å"New Imperialism period†. The colonial activity persisted until the start of the decoloniz ation era. Moreover, the end of this era did not occur in most colonies until after World War II (Porter 1996, p.118). This second half of the 19th century was regarded as the shift from an unofficial control of empire using political, military and economic power into direct control, wherein it has also embarked cultural and social influence to its colonies. The Ottoman Empire was composed of the countries included in the Middle East today. Most of these countries were actually the target of European colonization after the Ottoman Empire was destabilized. ... To have an edge and possibility of defeating Europe, the Ottoman Empire should have improved itself in all aspects of its society. However, this is quite impossible since Europe have established this power for a long time since the start of its colonization (Armstrong 2000, pp.141). Because of the fall of the Ottoman Empire during that time, it became easier for Europe to conquer most of its territories. Colonization of countries in the Middle East, as well as other places in Asia such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, spread like a wildfire as the European invade these countries quickly (Porter 1996, p.92). The classic example of this colonization includes the colonization of Syria and Sudan. Sudan, even though part of the Middle East, is located in the continent of Africa. Today, it is known that most countries in Africa are categorized as poor. These countries actually try to combat and revive their heritage from the bad effects of colonial periods. European colonizers did not give enough help to their colonies with regards to adaptation to development and the use of modern technologies ((Mitropolitski 2004). European colonizers do not consider the welfare of its colonies but rather focus only on promoting their own benefit. They utilize the resources of its colonies which make them more developed while neglecting the basic needs of its colonies. In the end, it is the colony who suffers. Sudan has been easily colonized by Britain that time. It is because Sudan has a very diverse population. It is easy to colonize a country where there is a certain division in groups. Also, this British colony was surrounded not only by alliance forces but also by enemies to the colonizers. Because of this, Sudan has become

Economy, FDI and Hydropower Sector in Laos

Economy, FDI and Hydropower Sector in Laos Background: Generally speaking, hydropower has various economical, environmental and social and strategic advantages. The hydropower is the largest renewable resource used for electricity and Hydropower is a significant source of electricity worldwide and will likely continue to grow especially in the developing countries. Thus it plays an essential role in economical development especially in many developing countries. Like many countries the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) or Laos is in trend in receiving foreign investment mainly in hydropower sector which comparing by sector from 2000-2010 hydropower sector account more than 33% in total investment (MPI, Laos). Laos nature and climate provide mammoth opportunities for the country to develop hydropower sector which in recent year there has been increased demand for electric power in the region of South-East Asia, however less than 2 percent of the hydropower potential has been developed in Laos over the past 30 years (Laos National Statistic in 2007). During the last few years, the hydropower sector has played an important role in the speedy economic growth of the country recently has experienced, more than 70 hydropower projects are under development, and the hydropower sector makes up an significant part of the export industry in Laos. As the government set the economic outlook from now the year 2020, the National Development Vision to the Year 2020 is to graduate from the status of being a least developed country and become sustainable development nation. To reach and achieve such vision, Laos needs the capital and invests in the human resource capacity, as Laos Government lack of these things. Thus, the foreign investment especially in hydropower sector is playing an important role in increasing the governments revenue (capital generation), job creations and new business system introducing. The hydropower sector is playing the significant role in the Laos economic and social development, the investment law in 1994 introduced the huge incentives mainly tax incentives in order to attract more investment, the question is that are these incentives really work and attract more investment into Laos? Or how did the investment incentive policies effect to hydropower sector in Laos? Thus, the objective or thesis statement of this paper is to analysis the effective of incentive policies offered by government of Laos in attracting investment mainly hydropower sector into Laos. The scope of this paper is not go back beyond the investment law introduced in 1994, but it starts to introduce some basic information about Laos such as the basic information about population, land area, religions and so on (See the Laos at Glance in the table 1 below) and the investment incentive policies provided by the government of Laos. Many scholars explained that, market size and cost of production is the key in attracting investment. Krugman (1991a) argues that the interaction of market, transport costs, and fixed investment costs determines the location of industry. In the Morissets article (2003, p. 253), the impact of tax incentives on FDI is not obvious that it can help in promoting investment. In the past few decades the numerous studies of international investors have indicated that the investment incentive policies are not major factor in their investment location decision. More important factors such as infrastructure, political stability, labor and the cost of production, however in this study is going to explain and provide evidences that investment incentive policies provided by government are the key factor in attracting investment in the case of Laos. Most of the data and information using in here are mainly from the concerning ministries in the Laos as essential. Thus, once again, the scope of this thesis is not covering all aspects of the economic development in country; it will focus only on the laws and regulations applied to foreign investment especially in hydropower sector. Furthermore, there is no any hypothesis test in this paper, as the objective of the paper is to analyze and examine the effective of the Strategic Investment Promotion for Laos. The main study shall be identifying the issues of using incentive policies and drawing out the strategic policies for recommendations. In order to make this paper easy to read and complete, this paper is developed into four chapters. The chapter one is the introduction chapter, where the general information, thesis statement and scope of this paper are drawn. The second chapter is literature reviews related to the foreign investment policies. The third chapter will focuses on overview of Laos economy, FDI and Hydropower Sector in the economic and social development in Laos. In this chapter, the data and figures are illustrated in order to see how changing in hydropower sector in Laos through the policies and incentives offering, plus more specific study on the comparative study, which will focuses on the analyzing of the incentive and disincentive on foreign direct investment. The last chapter is conclusion and recommendations approaches. In this chapter, the policies recommendations are drawn. Then the last part of the paper is the references. Lao PDR at a Glance (Table 1) Name Lao Peoples Democratic Republic Surface Area Population total: 236,800 sq km, land: 230,800 sq km, water: 6,000 sq km 1995 census: 4,574,848 (2007 estimate: 6,677,534) Density 25 people per sq km Land Boundaries total: 5,083 km Borders Myanmar 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423km, Thailand 1,754 km, Viet Nam 2,130 km Languages Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages Climate Tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April) Religion Buddhist 65 percent , animist 32.9 percent , Christian 1.3 percent, other and unspecified 0.8 percent (1995 census) Time Zone UTC+7 Currency Kip (LAK) Exchange Rates As of October 6th, 2008 : 1 Dollar: 8560 Kips 1 Euro: 11680 Kips GDP 39,284 billion Kips (Nominal, 2007 estimate) 4.1 US$ billion GDP per Capita 604 USS (2006) Source: Economic Research Department, MPI, Laos, 2007 Chapter II: Literature Review Foreign Direct Investment Policy Recently, many scholars try to explain and point out the factors for foreign investment location decision in developing countries. On the other hand there are many studies and articles related the FDI and its policies in developing countries. The developing countries try to develop their investment policies and strategic plan in order to attract the foreign investment In the article of Shaukat Ali and Wei Guo (2005) explained the behavior of MNCs in China, with its huge potential market size as the most important factor for attracting FDI to China, with its large population, steady economic growth, trade integrations are the perfect combination in attracting FDI. The authors further point out that the Chinese Government incentive policies are another important factor In the article of Ekrem Tatoglu (2002), it is was found that market size, openness of the economy, and infrastructure of the host country had positive effect, but the lack of exchange rate and economic stability had negative effect but not significant, however to some extent, it has slowed down its efforts to receive much higher volume of foreign investment. In the Morissets article (2003, pp. 253) point out that the relation between investment policy such as tax incentives and FDI is not the most significant whether it can help the host country in gaining the foreign investment. Over the past few decades they are numerous studies from the international investors have indicated that investment policy such as tax incentives are not the most important factor for investment locations, more important factors such as infrastructure, labor and political stability. However it doesnt mean that the investment policy has no effect on attracting foreign investment, one of the good examples is the Irelands tax incentives which have been recognized as key in attracting foreign investors over the past two decades. Moreover, there has been growing support evidence that investment policy influence the location decisions of companies within regional economic groupings, such as the European Union, North American Free Trade Area, and Association of Southea st Asian Nations. No doubt that market size is important to foreign investment in deciding location but other factors such as the investment policy and institutional framework, are essential in influential a countrys attractiveness to FDI. There are three forms of investment incentive policies: tax incentives, subsidies, export processing zones (EPZs). The investment policy can be favorable to foreign investment or unflavored to foreign investment in order to protect local industries The effect of FDI will depend, in part, on the form that FDI takes. FDI directed to heavily protected industries or attracted by very costly incentives may have a low, or even negative, effect on growth and productivity, Attitudinal and empirical research on the effect of tax incentives on FDI has been inconclusive. In the article of Hearnest (2007, pp.25-30) dedicated that if the investment policy such as tax incentives may be good for a country. This is so if some conditions are contents. First, the investment policy must lead to an increased of inflow in FDI into that country by attracting FDI that would not come without the presence of the incentives. Second, these FDI should contribute to the countrys development by offering returns to the country that more than offset (the returns) the foregone tax revenue in form of tax incentives granted to the investors. When trying to find out who should qualify for the tax incentives in Tanzania therefore, the work will focus on some types of investments that would not come to Tanzania without the presence of the incentives, but have the potential of contributing positively to the development of the country. As for who should not qualify, a focus will be on those investments that would come in any circumstance (in this case the absence of tax incentiv es). FDI determinants that MNEs look for are the presence of economic, political and social stability; and rules regulating entry and operations of businesses. Others are standards of treatment of foreign affiliates; business facilitation (including, inter-alia, investment incentives and thereby tax incentives; market size, growth, structure and accessibility; raw materials, low cost but efficient labour force and physical infrastructure in form of ports, roads, power and telecommunication. Specific incentives may not be main determinants of a countrys attractiveness to FDI. A countrys general economic and political conditions, domestic market, natural and other resources may be more important than some specific incentives. However various incentives have been found to influence investments. Since specific incentives may not be main determinants of a countrys attractiveness to FDI. A countrys general economic and political conditions, domestic market, natural and other resources may be more important than some specific incentives. However various incentives have been found to influence investments. In the conclusion for the literature reviews, there are both advantages and disadvantages by offering the investment incentives policy from the host countries to the foreign investors. However, most of the articles presented in there seem to support the investment incentives policy (tax incentives) offered by many developing countries. There is no doubt that this form of investment incentives are dominated in many developing from now and in the future, especially the ASEAN nations, particularly Laos. In this context, this paper will lead through the way that investment incentives are really strategic tools for FDI attracting in Laos. CHAPTER III: Overview of Economy, FDI and Hydropower Sector in Laos 3.1 Current Laos Economic Situation As the Lao government set their development goal which aiming to free the country from being least developed country by the Year 2020, it ultimate goal is to graduate from the status of being a least developed country and become sustainable development nation. To achieve the goal, Laos needs the capital and human resource capacity, as Laoss lack of these things. Thus, the Foreign investment especially in hydropower and mining sector are playing an essential role in increasing the governments revenue (capital generation), job creations and so on. Since the Laos government started their economic liberalization, the new economic mechanism (NEM) in 1986, the Government of Laos has made the development of private sector and attraction of the foreign investment as the strategic priority, thus the implementation of investment policies are very important to investment especially in attracting foreign direct investment. With the advantages such as political stability, natural resources, low labor costs, strategic location and incentive investment policies, both domestic and foreign investment has notably evidenced its contribution to the Laos Social Economic Development. Generally the total (public and private) investment mobilized rose significantly from 21.3 percent of GDP in 2001 to about 29 percent in 2005, and averaged at 27.8 percent for the five-year period which mainly from FDI  [1]  . The foreign investment has provided further drive to Laos economic growth. The government of Lao PDR provided good climate for investment, such as infrastructures, telecommunication, political stability, stable macroeconomic condition and law and regulation related to investment. With the Laos National Social and Economic Development Plan (NSEDP), Laos government had achieved to maintain the economic prospect with an average GDP from year 2000 to 2010 approximately about 7.73 percent (see figure 1), mainly benefiting from expanding natural resources within the country. By encouraging Foreign Direct Investment, Laos economy has been gradually increased in many sectors, especially industry sector and services sector, which by 2009 had reached 70 percent of GDP. (See Figure 2 and 3) Industrial sector has grown in recent year with rapid rate, accounted an average rate about 11.3 percent per year. The mining industry increased by 33.87 percent; tobacco 20.75 percent; food processing 9.17 percent; textiles 20.11 percent; and garments 11.15 percent. The services sector has been positively meet the requirements of production and trading, from 2001to 2005, the growth rate in total revenues from services sector accounted an averaged at 10 percent per year.  [2]  According to National Social and Economic Development Plan, in general Government of Laos (GoL) has performed well with its ambitious economic target and strong economic growth which grounding to free the country from the status of least-development country by 2020. Figure 1: Laos real GDP growth in percentage Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook 2010 Figure 2: Laos GDP composition by sector Source: CIA World Fact Book Figure 3: Laos GDP per capita compared by continent Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook 2010 In recent year the Government of Laos (GoL) continue to work hard and try to boost its foreign trade with the aim to increase more in export, the structure of their economic changed with the shares of the private sector and Foreign Investment in the economy have increased. In particular, Foreign Direct Investment has facilitated the creation of new products and increasing size of the markets including the entry of new markets. The number of foreign direct investments and private domestic in the past five years stood at 9.7 billion USD, in which foreign direct investments accounted for 8 billion USD  [3]  . Thus, the private sector has become more and more essential in the economy of the Laos. The Lao PDR has been headed for business in regional and global economic integration. It is vital to Laos economic with its potential in domestic and foreign investors to guarantee the benefits from the liberalization of trade. Being the member of ASEAN, ATFA and WTO applicant providing opportunity for the country in trade and attracting foreign direct investment increasing the market entry by reduced 98 percent of its tariffs (zero to five percent in 2008). However Laos faced the problem of trade imbalance, in the year of 2007 to 2008 the total trade was 2630.9 million USD which number of export only 822.7 million USD (see Table 2) 3.2 Foreign Direct Investment and Hydropower Trends in Laos Foreign direct investment is playing crucial role in Laos economy, with the implementation of Investment Law in 2004 which the Government of Laos (GoL) given huge investment incentive to foreign investors especially tax incentive, as the resulted in 2005 onward the FDI inflow has been significantly increased especially in mining sectors and hydropower sectors. In 2006 the FDI inflow raised up to 2,699 million USD and in 2009 increased more than 4,312 million USD (see figure 4 and figure 5). Figure 4: Foreign Direct Investment in Laos Source: Raw data from Ministry of Planning and Investment, Laos Figure 5: Foreign Direct Investment by Sector 2000-2010(Jun) Source: Raw Data from Ministry of Planning and Investment, Laos Not yet complete 3.3 Analysis Study of Investment Incentives and Disincentives in Laos 3.3.1 Investment Incentives in Laos Tax exemptions from some major industrial nations: Lao receive the trade privileges from European Union such as GSP privilege. Currently, the receiving GSP is from 42 countries from EU, Japan, Canada, Switzerland, Vietnam and etc. Thus, the garment investment sector is still having comparative advantages in attracting many textile companies to invest in Laos. Mostly, investors are from Taiwan, Japan and Thailand. Furthermore, Laos has sign the Normal Trade Relations (NTR) with USA in December 2004. This is the signal for Laos to join the world trade system (membership of WTO is underway). Such membership leads confident for foreign investors doing business in Laos. Land-linked country: This is going to be trade hub in the Southeast Asia region, which has access to ASEAN market with more than 500 million. Inhabitants including southern part of neighboring China, which adds up together reaching nearly 1 billion people, this is going to be the huge market in the world. Currently, the main roads reaching every corner of the international border pointed have been built. In the next five year, Laos can be the transit goods and connect Southeast Asia to the Northeast and Central Asia. Abundant water resources, rich in mineral resources, and plentiful of productive land: Laoss government still enjoys receiving the application for the development of the hydropower dams and mining concession from foreign investors. These two sectors are main attractive sectors for foreign investors around the world. The abundant water resources help Laos to gain more major foreign investors to invest in the hydropower project, which lead Laos to be the electricity supplier or battery of Asia. Furthermore, unexploitations of mining areas are still existed and waiting for right foreign investors to invest in this sector. Most of the mines are gold, copper, coal, tin, Zink and others. Thus, this is another sector that the Lao governments use to promote and attract foreign investors for investing. Moreover, there are plentiful of productive land for foreign investors to do the plantation projects for the industrial plantation such as sugar, palm trees, eucalyptus, and so on. Currently, many big paper companies are investing for the industrial plantation in Laos such as Oji paper factory (Japan), and Birla Pulp Company (India). Laos Economic Zone: Savannakhet Province is a hub of trade and services in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS). The province is linking Lao PDR with Thailand, and Vietnam on the Road No.9. It is also all along the Road No.13 which runs through Lao PDR, leading north into China and South into Cambodia. The construction of Road and bridge will progress develop Savannakhet as a trade and services zone in near future and will bring an expansion of markets which will create further business opportunities for all the economic sectors in Savannakhet province, thus Savannakhet Special Economic Zone (SSEZ) which linking neighboring countries in the Asian region with a total population of more than 500 million people and thus is a main centre for trade and services. The categories of business activities planned to be developing in the Savannakhet Special Economic Zone (SSEZ) include the following: Export Processing Zone; Free Trade Zone; Free Service and Logistic Centre including tourism, banking and other activities. 3.3.2 Disincentive of Investment in Laos Geographic condition (land locked country) and poor infrastructure: Laos has no border with the sea, thus this is only obstacle for the transportation. The cost of transport goods from Laos to the sea port in Thailand or in Vietnam is quite expensive and may take longer time for the goods to reach the destination due to the documentations and unforeseen events that can happen anytime. Furthermore, the infrastructure in Laos is not quite good especially the road condition in some places or provinces. These cause the transportation cost high and the return on investment or profit is not so high as expected. However, with the support from the international financial organization such as ADB and World Bank, the Lao government has put the budget for the infrastructure development for the main route to the sea ports such as Road R3 connecting Thaiiand-Laos-China, the road No. 9 connecting Thailand-Laos-Vietnam, Road No. 13 run through the whole countries from North to South of Laos. The vision of the government is to change Laos as Land-Locked country to the Land-Linked country. By achieving this goal, the cost of transportation will be reducing for sure. Macroeconomic instability: Lao economic is not independent economic system. Directly and indirectly, the economic depends on the changing of the Thai and Vietnamese economic growth. Now, the Lao economic is more likely to depend to the Chinese economic as well now, as the major foreign investors is Chinese investors. The Lao currency (Kip) is none tradable currency, so it depends on the changing of the US dollars and Thai Baht. For instance, when the financial crisis occurred in 1997, supported that Lao can escape from this crisis, however, it hit hardly by the crisis as most of the commodities goods import from Thailand. Thus, when the global crisis hit Thailand, it will directly and indirectly hurt Lao economy. However, Lao government has put more afford to monitoring the economic development in Laos and try to not depending on one country economy such Thailand. Now, the free flow of goods leads Laos to escape from the dependent economic from Thailand. Laos can gain access to the Vietnam and China market now. Small market: Although the economy sounds goods in recent years, but the total expenditure of the Lao people is still low. Most of the markets in Laos are small in size and number of consumers. Most of the big spending on consumers is in the main city, but not in the rural areas. However, most of people in the city cross the border to Thailand in spending for the commodities goods. In recently, the good economic recovered and increasing in FDI inflow in to the country, Lao people spend more money in commodities and luxury goods. Thus, this is the good sign in increasing Lao people spending. In the near future, the Lao small market is going to graduate to the big market soon. Thailand. Now, the free flow of goods leads Laos to escape from the dependent economic from Thailand. Laos can gain access to the Vietnam and China market now. 3.4 Comparative Study of Investment Law (1994 and 2004) 3.4.1 The Investment Law in 1994 Not yet complete 3.4.2 The Investment Law in 2004 Not yet complete Law on the Promotion and Management of foreign Investment in the Lao PDR (1994) Law on the Promotion of Foreign Investment In the Lao PDR (2004) Form   of FDI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚   2 forms of FDI: a) A joint Venture with one or more domestic Lao Investors b)   A 100% foreign- owned enterprises Exemption from import duties for intermediate components and raw materials imported for processing and re-export; Uniform flat rate of 1% of import value of equipment, means of production, spare parts and other materials used in operation of investment projects; No export duties on finished products; Annual profit tax at a uniform flat rate of 20% Special privileges, including reduction or exemption from theprofit-tax rate, are given based on the size of investments and the significant positive impacts that such investments have on the socio- economic development of Lao PDR; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚   3 forms of FDI: a)   Business Cooperation by contract; b) A joint venture with one or more domestic Lao investors (Foreign equity should not be less than 30% of total investment capital); or c) A 100% foreign- owned enterprise 0% of import duties on production vehicles, machinery, equipment and raw materials No export duties on finished products;    Profit tax is classified into 3 groups: 20%, 15% and 10% and profit tax exemption is offered for a certain period depending on activities, investment areas and size of investment 1) Zone One (area with no economic information infrastructure) 7 years profit tax exemption thereafter a profit tax of 10% 2) Zone Two: (areas with certain level of economic infrastructures) 5 years profit tax exemption 3 years profit tax of 7.5% thereafter a profit tax of 15% 3) Zone Three ( areas with good infrastructure) 2 years profit tax exemption 2 years profit tax of 10% thereafter a profit tax of 20% Other   Incentives Investment term is up to 30 years Freedom to expatriate their earnings back home or to third countries Right to employ foreign expatriates Personal income tax at a flat rate of10% Investment term is up to 75 years Freedom to expatriate their earnings back home or to third countries Right to employ foreign expatriates (not exceed 10% of the enterprises labor) Personal income tax at a flat rate of 10% Source: Ministry of Planning and Investment, Lao PDR Case Study of Foreign Direct Investment on Hydropower Sector in Laos Not yet complete Chapter IV: Conclusion Not yet complete

Mutations in the Alpha 1,2-Mannosidase Gene Essay -- Scientific Resear

Introduction Intellectual disability (ID) is defined by the American Association of Intellectual Developmental Disabilities as having â€Å"significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior†. [1] Earlier it was believed that behavioral abnormalities, such as Intellectual Disability, were caused by the social or environmental environment in which the individual lived in.[2] However, with the breakthrough of the genetic analysis, it has been shown that more and more of our behavior is influenced, if not controlled, by our genes. [3]This advancement is important for our understanding of ID to expand. ID can occur when there is a mutation on one or more of the genes in the individual’s chromosome set. [3]There are different types of mutations; autosomal mutations (mutations occurring in one or more of the 44 autosomal chromosomes [in humans]), mutations in the sex chromosomes (the two chromosomes that amongst other things determine the individual’s sex), and there are also chromosomal disorders such as nondisjunction in where one of the two homologous chromosomes fails to separate from its sister chromatid during cell division, resulting in an extra chromosome in one daughter cell and one less chromosome in the other. [3] For parents that are carriers (heterozygous) of an allele that codes for an autosomal recessive trait (e.g. ID), each child they have will inherit one of the two alleles (dominant or recessive) from each parent. Following the Mendelian laws of inheritance, such parents can get offspring that are homozygous dominant (25% chance, will not result in ID), heterozygous like themselves (50% chance, will not result in ID, but will be carriers of the defective gene), or homozygous r... ...tations in the alpha 1,2-mannosidase gene, MAN1B1, cause autosomal-recessive intellectual disability. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Jul 15;89(1):176-82. [6] Exome Sequencing [Internet]. Mountain View CA: Centrillion, 2011 [cited 2012 Feb 18]. Available from: http://www.centrillionbio.com/exome.php [7] Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 December; 74(12): 5463–5467. [8] MeSH Browser [Internet]. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet Universitetsbiblioteket; 2008 [updated 2011; cited 2012 Feb 20]. Available from: http://mesh.kib.ki.se/swemesh/swemesh_se.cfm. Leonard H, Wen X. The epidemiology of mental retardation: Challenges and opportunities in the new millenium. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev., 8 (2002), pp. 117–134. Corresponding author: Helen Leonard (hleonard@cyllene.uwa.edu Mutations in the Alpha 1,2-Mannosidase Gene Essay -- Scientific Resear Introduction Intellectual disability (ID) is defined by the American Association of Intellectual Developmental Disabilities as having â€Å"significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior†. [1] Earlier it was believed that behavioral abnormalities, such as Intellectual Disability, were caused by the social or environmental environment in which the individual lived in.[2] However, with the breakthrough of the genetic analysis, it has been shown that more and more of our behavior is influenced, if not controlled, by our genes. [3]This advancement is important for our understanding of ID to expand. ID can occur when there is a mutation on one or more of the genes in the individual’s chromosome set. [3]There are different types of mutations; autosomal mutations (mutations occurring in one or more of the 44 autosomal chromosomes [in humans]), mutations in the sex chromosomes (the two chromosomes that amongst other things determine the individual’s sex), and there are also chromosomal disorders such as nondisjunction in where one of the two homologous chromosomes fails to separate from its sister chromatid during cell division, resulting in an extra chromosome in one daughter cell and one less chromosome in the other. [3] For parents that are carriers (heterozygous) of an allele that codes for an autosomal recessive trait (e.g. ID), each child they have will inherit one of the two alleles (dominant or recessive) from each parent. Following the Mendelian laws of inheritance, such parents can get offspring that are homozygous dominant (25% chance, will not result in ID), heterozygous like themselves (50% chance, will not result in ID, but will be carriers of the defective gene), or homozygous r... ...tations in the alpha 1,2-mannosidase gene, MAN1B1, cause autosomal-recessive intellectual disability. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Jul 15;89(1):176-82. [6] Exome Sequencing [Internet]. Mountain View CA: Centrillion, 2011 [cited 2012 Feb 18]. Available from: http://www.centrillionbio.com/exome.php [7] Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 December; 74(12): 5463–5467. [8] MeSH Browser [Internet]. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet Universitetsbiblioteket; 2008 [updated 2011; cited 2012 Feb 20]. Available from: http://mesh.kib.ki.se/swemesh/swemesh_se.cfm. Leonard H, Wen X. The epidemiology of mental retardation: Challenges and opportunities in the new millenium. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev., 8 (2002), pp. 117–134. Corresponding author: Helen Leonard (hleonard@cyllene.uwa.edu

Product Selection Paper

Some of the pros of adding additional departments to the NACA organization would be exposing the company on a national level and empowering lower income clients in the mortgage and business processes. The pros of having an advertising department will enable us to bring in customers that may not be aware of the extensive services our company provides. By making our website more appealing it will draw people in to want to know more about what we have to offer the consumer. We can also concentrate on commercials and billboards that will further echo our message of hope and prosperity to those who have been overlooked by mainstream mortgage companies. By implementing a department that will focus on helping minorities start their own businesses will also help rehabilitate impoverished neighborhoods. Building up low income neighborhoods not only helps the owner’s of the businesses, but it changes the perception of the area and the people in that area. The cons that come along with adding these two departments will be the cost involved. Anytime a company wants to expand its client base there is a good chance that it means spending more money. Advertising can be very expensive, but the money is worth it if your clientele increases. An increase in clientele means an increase in revenue for the company. As far as the loans for businesses are concerned that too will eventually be a profit for the company. The more loans that are acquired for future business ventures will be a positive for the company. A company that is involved in acquiring real estate is in a good position financially. As with any new venture it takes time to reap the rewards of new ideas and departments. If we continue to provide the services we have to our customers and make dreams of homeownership and entrepreneurship come true we will be innovative leaders in the mortgage industry.

Bulleted Lists

Bulleted Lists Bulleted Lists Bulleted Lists By Maeve Maddox More than one reader has asked me to write about bulleted lists. The term takes its name from a typographical symbol called a bullet, a round dot used to mark or emphasize a paragraph or an item in a vertical list. Nowadays, typographical bullets are not limited to dots, but can be any geometric shape. They can even be little pictures or company logos. The English word bullet comes from French boulette, a diminutive of boule, â€Å"ball.† Until the 19th century, bullets were round. Bulleted lists are used to make items stand out from the text without implying order of importance. They may include punctuation marks like commas and semicolons, but for most blogging applications, it’s a good idea to keep punctuation to a minimum. Here are three models that will serve for most purposes. 1. Headline followed by items This format is suitable for a list of one or two-word items under a headline: What Not To Take On A Plane Sharp Objects Sporting Goods Firearms Tools When the items are expressed in just one or two words, it’s usual to capitalize them. 2. Introductory sentence introducing phrases This format is suitable for a list in the context of an article. The introductory statement is followed by a colon: In order to register, you must bring the following documents: an official copy of your birth certificate a recent photo ID a recent utility bill addressed to you or to a member of your family Items do not have capitals if they are fragments. 3. Introductory sentence introducing complete sentences Passengers will avoid losing luggage if they follow these guidelines: Put contact information inside as well as outside your bag. Put a distinguishing mark on your bag to make it easy to identify. Keep valuable items with you. Keep the stub of your checked baggage with you. Items that are complete sentences are capitalized and have end punctuation. If possible, keep each item to one line and observe parallel construction. If your item extends to a second line, start the second line under the first word that follows the bullet for that item. For other formatting that includes commas and semicolons, see The Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition), sections 6.124 and 6.125. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?The Writing Process"To Tide You Over"

buy custom International Organisations Essay

buy custom International Organisations Essay International Organizations International organizations IOs is very powerful unit, which gain its effect in the world of international relations after the Second World War has ended. It continues to increase its numbers every year. IOs can be divided into intergovernmental organizations IGOs and non-governmental organizations - NGOs. According to Campbell, MacKinnon and Stevens (2010), an intergovernmental organization is divisible into three or more nation-states that have signed the agreement to create a legal organization with the definition of its purpose. It is often called as an international governmental organization with the abbreviation of IGO. In addition to the foundation agreement, most IGOs also have different authorities that are established to help the organization achieve its goals. In fact, IGOs usually contain the following bodies such as an advisory body, an executive authority and an administrative body. An advisory body discusses the policy. An executive organ makes policy decisions. An administrative body brings it into action. There is no general definition of the non-governmental organizations NGOs. The first direction of the scientific mens views states that NGOs are groups of individuals, which are organized for a variety of reasons that involve human imagination and intention. The second direction is based on the idea that NGOs are stakeholders with the social or economic changes. That can lead to the conclusion that NGOs are organizations which consist of private individuals from any number of nation-states, which take on many of services and functions. The United Nations, or UN, was founded in 1945. Its Headquarter is located in New York City, which became the successor to the League. Like its predecessor, it has tried to prevent conflict between nation-states. Still, it continues to function and has proven an available institution in many ways. It is the largest and most comprehensive IGO in the world. Six principal organs help to assure its proper functioning. First is the United Nations General Assembly UNGA. It is an organ of the UN that acts in legislative level and as the forum where all members can take part in international dialogue either. All member nations can send delegates to the General Assembly. Second is the United Nations Security Council UNSC. It consists of the fifteen members of the UN that maintains peace and security. Ten rotating members sit on the Council who serve two-year terms. The US, Britain, China, Russia, and France are five permanent members with veto power. Third is the United Nations Economic and Social Council - ECOSOC. That organ contributes to international cooperation and elaborateness. It performs the majority of the United Nation work. Fourth is the Trusteeship Council TC. Its responsibility is to assist with the transition of former colonies to independent countries, which went out of commission in 1994. The fifth is the International Court of Justice ICJ. That is the arbitral authority of the United Nations that has the power to hear cases involving nation-states. Sixth is the Secretariat. This organ is a chief administrative office which coordinates and supervises the activities of the UN. Both IGOs and NGOs decrease state sovereignty. However, IGOs worldwide influence has reduced the quality of life in developing countries while NGOs influence has had a positive effect on the quality of live in developing countries. The issues regarding the influence of IGOs and NGOs are extremely relevant everywhere in the globe. The decisions countries consider about their relationship with IGOs and NGOs all the time.

A comparison between two different proteomic approaches used to Essay

A comparison between two different proteomic approaches used to investigate cancer system - Essay Example Also contacts and communication between the proteins that make up a specific proteome under investigation is significant in proteomics. Nowadays doctors adopt proteomic approaches in the diagnosis of cancers avoiding the pre existing diagnose techniques like Immunohistochemistry, ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbant Assays), Immunoblots etc. The proteomic approaches adopted for cancer diagnosis by medical field are mainly based on electrophoresis and spectrometry. Proteomes exhibit varied characters at various instances of simulations especially due to hormones. This is due to the variations in proteins composing those proteomes. Both approaches employed in proteomics try to dig out those characteristics making up variations in human cells. There are many approaches using both electrophoresis as well as spectrometry techniques. 2D-PAGE, MALDI-MS, SELDI-TOF-MS, Antibody arrays etc. are some specific approaches of proteomics. In this paper, the comparative proteomic approaches of 2D- PAGE and MALDI-MS in Human Lung Squamous Carcinoma and functional proteomic approach in Breast cancer. The detailing on diagnostic functional proteomic approach used in breast cancer can be initiated with identifying basic facts on it. â€Å"Functional proteomics approaches that comprehensively evaluate the biological activities of human cDNAs may provide novel insights into disease pathogenesis.† (Witt, et al., 2005, p.1). The analysis on cDNAs is taken up through thorough investigation about their response to various stimulations especially those expected during initial stages of breast cancer. To analytically examine the practical response of cDNAs especially those involved in breast carcinogenesis, first a collection of such cDNAs are made named as Breast Cancer 1000 (BC1000). Again stimulations similar to tumour instigation and development are imposed on those cDNAs create response, but it is clear that each response corresponds to a rearrangement of proteins composing the

Host resistance and immunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Host resistance and immunity - Essay Example A detrimental colonization of the pathogen in the host body results in an infection. Variables that determine the outcome of a host body encounter with a pathogen include the infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, toxigenicity, resistance, and antigenicity of the pathogens (Qureshi, S. 1999). Pathogenicity of an infection involves a mechanism that leads to the initiation of signs and symptoms of the bacterial or viral infections. An environment that favours the growth of the agent in the host body and its ability to damage the host determines the resultant outcome of the association between disease causing agent and the host body. High pathogenicity levels increases the risk of acquiring an infection. Therefore, once an individual gets exposed to a disease, the pathogenicity of the disease causing agent determines the possibility of the infection. On the other hand, if the bacteria or parasite turns out to be non-pathogenic, the risks of getting infection are low (Qureshi, S. 1999). Virulence refers to the severity of an infection and therefore a highly virulent strain produces severe infections. High virulent strains utilize resources from the host body and leads to tissue damage in host bodies. This increases the possibility of an infection and may lead to death of the host. Virulent strains speed up their growth in order to obtain transmission to new hosts. These strains struggle to gain subsequent transmission before killing the former host. Therefore, once an individual gets exposed to a disease, the virulence of the disease determines the level of damage. To counter an infection, one need to consider immediate treatment before multiplication of a strain that may be detrimental to one or more individuals (Sansonetti, P 2010). Toxigenicity refers to the ability of the agent to produce a toxin, which forms the main disease-causing element in a virus or bacteria. There are two types of toxins produced by disease causing parasites. They